-- increased specialization of skills within a more efficient system of over-all production. - August 1640: Scots defeat English army Charles owes Scots $$ This paper assesses what this inclusion signified to the treaty negotiators at Utrecht and what the balance of power meant to them both as a political principle and for its legal implications. -Eliminated political, military rights of Huguenots, preserving religious Issues: In eastern Europe between 1500 and 1650, the growth of commercial agriculture was accompanied by the consolidation of serfdom Political power in the Dutch Republic was Controlled by an oligarchy of wealthy businessmen. -royal patronage: sell offices, reward loyalty w/ contracts The Economy of the Commercial Revolution: -At St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre: Elizabeth sole protector of Protestants A. Church-sponsored) The disputed throne of Spain was given to the French Philip V, but the union of the French and Spanish thrones was forbidden. The Treaty of Utrecht, signed in April 1713, ended the wars between France and Savoy, Portugal, the Netherlands, and Prussia. Establishment of European Colonial Empires in the Americas and Asia. -gained no additional land, but kept Strasbourg and part of Alsace The Whigs even called the treaty a sellout for letting the duke of Anjou stay on the Spanish throne. -- reformed many of the previous abuses in the Church. During the Peace of Utrecht, the British were granted "Asiento," which _____. Fought wars in an attempt to insure the dominance of France and his Bourbon dynasty in European affairs; Louis's involvement in the War of Spanish Succession ended with the Peace of Utrecht in 1713 that greatly benefited England an emerging French rival Wars and building of Versailles emptied France's treasury The Decline of Spain 1. Spain gets all lands west The preliminaries were based on a tacit acceptance of the partition of Spain's European possessions. Key Concept 1.2 Religious pluralism challenged the concept of a . g . The Enlightenment had its origins in the scientific and intellectual revolutions of the 17c. Atalantic Seaboard replaces Mediterranean -- the accumulation of capital in the hands of the entrepreneur made possible the purchase of raw to the Protestant side in the Thirty Years' War. -Resources were depleted, and fear of the Inquisition had dwindled ("Windows to the West") In the treaty with Savoy, France recognized Victor Amadeus II, duke of Savoy, as king of Sicily and that he should rule Sicily and Nice. Although the fate of the Spanish Netherlands in particular was of interest to the United Provinces, Dutch influence on the outcome of the negotiations was fairly insignificant, even though the talks were held on their territory. The peace was negotiated, from 1644, in the Westphalian towns of Mnster and Osnabrck. The concept of balance of power replaced religion as the center of military and diplomatic objectives. [42][43] The Dutch had in any case successfully defended their positions in the Southern Netherlands and their troops were central in the alliance which halted French territorial expansion in Europe until a new cycle began in 1792. Reasserts illegal Calvinism, Catholic safeguards Peace of Augsburg, orders the return of all church lands of Lutherans, Gustavus Adolphus II king of unified Lutheran Nation In this system, diplomacy became a major component of the relations among states. Nations sought new sources of wealth and new economic theories and practices to deal with Le 2. I. -- revoked the Edict of Nantes. -Son succeeds Oliver but resigns in failure in 1659 -Grand Alliance of England, Dutch, Austrians and Prussians The 1707, 1715 and 1716 Nueva Planta decrees abolished regional political structures in the kingdoms of Aragon, Valencia, Majorca and the Principality of Catalonia, although Catalonia and Aragon retained some of these rights until 1767. 49. AP EUROPEAN HISTORY 2007 SCORING GUIDELINES Question 5 Analyze the factors that prevented the development of a unified German state in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. This assurance was given, and so in February the Imperial representatives made their appearance. At this time, neither European power saw North America as a place worth devoting significant military resources. 8-9 Points Thesis must include reference to at least three factors (a factor can be an event, like the posting of the 95 Theses or the Thirty Years' War). Politics and Greed overshadowed religion and brought many parties into war. Main Themes: After the split from Catholic Spain, Calvinism became the dominant religion. trial by jury) and est. The country was frequently at war with other European powers, and it was also hit by a number of economic crises. -Germany in devastation and disunited to repulse foreign armies -- goals: -- the right of the citizen to rebel against a government that violated these basic human rights. -- costly, inefficient methods of tax collecting (nobility not taxed) Agriculture Introduction With the exception of Holland, at least 80 percent of the people of all western European countries drew their livelihoods from agriculture In 1700 European agriculture was much more ancient and medieval In crisis years, when crops were ruined by drought or flood, starvation forced people to use substitutes .

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